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The Research Paper: APA Style
In-text Citation and Reference List examples based on the
2010 Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6
th
ed.
Examples are for print sources unless otherwise indicated.
For additional examples and more details consult the
full APA manual kept at the Research Help Desk.
Some disciplines may require other styles, so check with your instructor for a style recommendation. *
For updated citation information and tutorials consult http://www.apastyle.org/learn
IN-TEXT CITATION is used to identify your source of information, whether quoted or paraphrased, within
your paper. It is brief information, referring the reader to your reference list. Include the author(s) last name
(unless it appears in the narrative) and the date. For quotations, include the page number, or for electronic
(online) articles without page numbers, use a brief section title and paragraph number. Here are a few examples:
Quotations -- with pages: “Our culture is full of simpleminded myths of blame” (Sher, 1994, p. 45).
-- online article, no pages: “Empirical studies have found mixed results” (Golan &
Kuchler, 2007, “Conclusions,” para. 4).
One author: Pagels (1995) discussed … Two authors: Juedes and Curry (1999) concluded…
OR (Pagels, 1995) OR (Juedes & Curry, 1999)
Three to five authors – first citation: Smiler, Kay, and Harris (2008) examined the history…
-- more references to the same source (first author followed by et al.):
Smiler et al. (2008) found…
Six or more authors: The first author followed by et al for all citations. If there is more
than one
article with the same lead author, see the manual for directions.
Multiple works cited together: List alphabetically by first author.
Several studies (Balda, 1995; Kamil, 1988; Pepperberg & Funk, 1990)…
Personal Communications (e.g., e-mail, personal interviews): These are included for in-text citations,
but are not included in the reference list because they are not recoverable.
…as described by R. Gerstner (personal communication, November 12, 2001).
Secondary Source (use sparingly): The secondary source, Claiborne, is the one included in the
reference list.